ABSTRACT
El presente estudio ha tenido como objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática y meta-análisis sobre alteraciones en funciones cognitivas en mujeres maltratadas. Se ha contado con una muestra inicial de 643 registros obtenidos de las bases de datos: Medline, ERIC, PsycInfo, CNAIL, Proquest y Scielo. Su análisis llevó a la retención de 12 artículos sobre los que se ha centrado el estudio. Los resultados de la síntesis cualitativa indican que la atención, lenguaje, memoria, habilidades visoespaciales, función ejecutiva, velocidad motora y rendimiento educativo se encuentran alteradas en las mujeres maltratadas, con mayor evidencia de deterioro en las áreas de atención, memoria y funciones ejecutivas. Los resultados del meta-análisis sugieren presencia de daño cerebral en estas mujeres y una especial afectación de la memoria y funciones ejecutivas. Estos resultados avalan la existencia de alteraciones en funciones cognitivas en las mujeres que han sido víctimas de maltrato.
O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise das alterações nas funções cognitivas em mulheres agredidas. Para arealização do estudo, foi utilizada uma amostra inicial de 643 registos nas bases de dados: Medline, ERIC, PsycInfo, CNAIL, Proquest e Scielo. O procedimentode seleção levou à retenção de 12 artigos nos quais o estudo se centrou. Os resultados da síntese qualitativa indicam que a atenção, a linguagem, a memória, as habilidades visuoespaciais, a função executiva, a velocidade motora e o desempenho educacional estão alterados em mulheres agredidas, com maior evidência de deterioração nas áreas de atenção, memória e funções executivas.Os resultados da meta-análise sugerem a presença de dano cerebral nessas mulheres e um comprometimento especial da memória e das funções executivas. Estes resultados sustentam a existência de alterações nas funções cognitivas das mulheres vítimas de abuso.
The present study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on alterations in cognitive functions in battered women. We selected an initial sample of 643 records obtained from the databases: Medline, ERIC,PsycInfo, CNAIL, Proquest and Scielo. Following the study selection procedureled to the retention of 12 articles on which the study has focused. The results of the qualitative synthesis indicate that attention, language, memory, visuospatial skills, executive function, motor speed and educational performance are altered in battered women, with greater evidence of deterioration in the areas of attention, memory and executive functions. The results of the meta-analysis suggest presence of brain damage in these women and a special affectation of the memory and executive functions. These results support the existence of alterations in cognitive functions in women who have been victims of abuse.
Subject(s)
Cognition , Battered Women , Women/psychology , Domestic ViolenceABSTRACT
Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved survival rates of HIV patients, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) still exist in a highly prevalent group of persons with this disease. In this study we seek to evaluate the influence of drug use in the neuropsychological performance of seropositive drug users. We carried out an extensive neuropsychological evaluation and compared the performance of seropositive drug users (n = 90) with that of a control group of seronegative drug users (n = 48). The results reveal that methadone maintenance programmes can make the seropositive subject neuropsychologically vulnerable. Likewise, we found that giving up drugs have a protective effect in the presence of neuropsychological alterations associated with HIV. These findings lead us to suggest that seropositivity is not sufficient to explain the neuropsychological alterations of seropositive drug users, noting that these alterations are multifactorial.
Aunque la terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA) ha mejorado los índices de supervivencia de los pacientes infectados por el VIH, los trastornos neurocognitivos asociados con el VIH (TNAV) todavía existen en un grupo de personas altamente prevalente a esta enfermedad. En este estudio buscamos evaluar la influencia del consumo de drogas en el rendimiento neuropsicológico de los usuarios de drogas seropositivos. Llevamos a cabo una amplia evaluación neuropsicológica, y el rendimiento de los usuarios de drogas seropositivos (n = 90) se comparó con la de un grupo control de usuarios de drogas seronegativos (n = 48). Los resultados demuestran que los programas de tratamiento de mantenimiento con metadona pueden convertir en vulnerable a nivel neuropsicológico al individuo seropositivo. Asimismo, descubrimos que abandonar las drogas provoca un efecto protector frente a la existencia de alteraciones neuropsicológicas asociadas con el VIH. Estos resultados nos llevan a sugerir que la seropositividad no basta para explicar las alteraciones neuropsicológicas de los usuarios de drogas seropositivos, ya que estas alteraciones al parecer son multifactoriales.
Subject(s)
HIV , Drug Users , Neuropsychological Tests , Neurocognitive Disorders , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Cognitive Reserve , Methadone/administration & dosageABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: We determined whether the relationship between the neuropsychological performance of patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and their psychopathological characteristics measured by disability evaluation are interrelated. In addition, we assessed which psychopathological variable was most influential on neuropsychological performance via statistical clustering of the same characteristics of mild TBI. METHODS: A total of 219 disability evaluation participants with mild brain injury were selected. All participants were classified into three groups, based on their psychopathological characteristics, via a two-step cluster analysis using validity and clinical scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Symptom Checklist-90-revised (SCL-90-R). The Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (K-WAIS), Korean Memory Assessment Scale (K-MAS) and the Korean Boston Naming Test (K-BNT) were used to evaluate the neurocognitive functions of mild TBI patients. RESULTS: Over a quarter (26.9%) experienced severe psychopathological symptoms and 43.4% experienced mild or moderate psychopathological symptoms, and all of the mild TBI patients showed a significant relationship between neurocognitive functions and subjective and/or objective psychopathic symptoms, but the degree of this relationship was moderate. Variances of neurocognitive function were explained by neurotic and psychotic symptoms, but the role of these factors were different to each other and participants did not show intelligence and other cognitive domain decrement except for global memory abilities compared to the non-psychopathology group. CONCLUSION: Certain patients with mild TBI showed psychopathological symptoms, but these were not directly related to cognitive decrement. Psychopathology and cognitive decrement are discrete aspects in patients with mild TBI. Furthermore, the neurotic symptoms of mild TBI patients made positive complements to decrements or impairments of neurocognitive functions, but the psychotic symptoms had a negative effect on neurocognitive functions.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Brain Injuries , Complement System Proteins , Disability Evaluation , Intelligence , Memory , MMPI , Post-Concussion Syndrome , Psychopathology , Weights and MeasuresABSTRACT
En este artículo se trabajó con una muestra de niños y niñas escolarizados de entre 6 y 14 años con diagnóstico de TDAH, de la ciudad de Manizales (Colombia), durante 2011. Se buscó correlacionar el desempeño neuropsicológico con las tareas de habilidades académicas de lectura y escritura, cruzando las variables correspondientes a las habilidades académicas de lectura y escritura contra el proceso de atención, el proceso de memoria y el desempeño en funciones ejecutivas. Se confirmó el valor predictivo que tiene el desempeño de los niños y niñas en la evaluación de algunas variables neuropsicológicas, en sus posibilidades de funcionamiento escolar y en su nivel de apropiación y desempeño académico.
This article is the product of a research developed with a sample of school children between 6 and 14 years diagnosed with ADHD, in the city of Manizales (Colombia) during 2011. We aimed at correlatingthe neuropsychological performance to the tasks of academic reading and writing across the variables corresponding to the academic skills of reading and writing against the care process, the process of memory and performance on executive functions. We confirmed the predictive value of children performance in the assessment of neuropsychological variables, their chances of functioning in school and in their level of appropriation and academic performance.
ABSTRACT
Las investigaciones acerca de la neurobiología de la violencia apuntan a que existe una alteración relacionada con la corteza prefrontal (CPF). Sin embargo, la mayor parte de los estudios se han llevado a cabo en poblaciones institucionalizadas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el funcionamiento cognitivo de la CPF en sujetos violentos de la población general por medio de una batería neuropsicológica que proporciona 3 índices: dorsolateral, orbitomedial y pre frontal anterior; y demostrar si su desempeño es similar al que se ha encontrado en poblaciones institucionalizadas. Participaron 60 hombres adultos de la Cd. de México que respondieron la escala de Escala agresión Reactiva-Proactiva (Raine, 2006), versión en español (Andreu, Peña & Ramírez, 2009) y fueron divididos en violentos (n=30) y controles (n=30). Se encontraron diferencias sólo en el total orbitomedial mostrando el grupo de violentos el menor desempeño. Los resultados encontrados coinciden con los que se han reportado en la literatura en sujetos institucionalizados en referencia al bajo desempeño orbitomedial, sin embargo se discute el papel que podría jugar el componente antisocial de la personalidad en la conducta violenta y el desempeño neuropsicológico.
Recent neurobiology research about violent behavior points out to the existence of a disorder associated with the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, most studies are carried out on institutionalized samples. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate cognitive frontal functioning in violent men from a community sample with a neuropsychological battery that measures different prefrontal areas: dorsolateral (working memory and executive functions) orbital (decision making) and medial (inhibition); and to demonstrate if their neuropsychological performance is in any way similar to that found in institutionalized samples. 60 adult male subjects from a community sample of Mexico City participated in this study. Subjects were divided into violent (n=30) and nonviolent (n=30) using a screening questionnaire (Reactive and Proactive Aggression Questionnaire; Raine, 2006) in its Spanish adapted version (Andreu, Peña & Ramírez, 2009). We found that violent individuals compared to nonviolent controls exhibited a worse performance in overall tasks, but the only statistical difference we found was in tasks related to the orbitomedial functioning. Our results matched with previous studies carried out on institutionalized samples that referred a low orbitomedial performance; however we discussed the possible role of the antisocial component in violent behavior and neuropsychological performance.
ABSTRACT
Introducción. En la presente investigación se describe el desempeño neuropsicológico de una muestra de niños y niñas escolarizados, entre 6 y 14 años con diagnóstico de Trastorno por Déficit de Atención/Hiperactividad (TDAH), y se comparan los resultados obtenidos con el desempeño neuropsicológico de un grupo Control. Objetivo. Comparar las características del desempeño neuropsicológico de una muestra de niños y niñas con TDAH-C y TDAH-I y de un grupo Control de la ciudad de Manizales. Materiales y métodos. El artículo se originó de una investigación de tipo no experimental de corte transversal. Se realizó un análisis de varianza de tres grupos: TDAH Combinado (TDAH-C), TDAH Inatento (TDAH-I) y grupo Control. Las variables neuropsicológicas fueron las variables respuesta, y cada uno de los niños afectados se pareo con un control. Resultados. Se establecieron diferencias en el desempeño en una tarea de ejecución continua (cancelación de dibujos) entre ambos subtipos de TDAH (P<0,001), teniendo el grupo de TDAH-C, una media menor que el subtipo TDAH-I (P<0,001); así mismo, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas a nivel del lenguaje, en relación con las habilidades metalingüísticas, específicamente, en la tarea de conteo de sonidos (P<0,001), entre la estimación de la media en el grupo TDAH-I y el grupo Control (P<0,001). Conclusiones. Los hallazgos de la presente investigación confirman la presencia de algunas diferencias en el desempeño neuropsicológico entre niños y niñas con TDAH y grupos Control. Así mismo, se evidencia la necesidad de seguir avanzando en el empleo de la Batería de Evaluación Neuropsicológica (ENI) en ejercicios investigativos con poblaciones clínicas, para revisar la validez y el comportamiento de la prueba en la evaluación de niños y niñas con TDAH y en la de otros grupos clínicos de interés.
Introduction. The present investigation describes the neuropsychological performance of a sample of school children between 6 and 14 years old diagnosed with ttention Deficit Disorder/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and compares the results with the neuropsychological performance of a Control group. Objective. To compare the neuropsychological performance characteristics of a sample of children diagnosed with ADHD-C and ADHD-I and a Control group in the city of Manizales. Materials and Methods. This article originated from a cross section non-experimental research. A variance analysis was made using the following treatments: ADHD combined (ADHD-C) and Control group, ADHD inattentive (ADHD-I) and Control group, the neuropsychological variables were the response variables, and each of the affected children was paired with a control child. Results. Differences in a continuous performance task (cancellation of drawings) were established between the two subtypes of ADHD (P<0.001), having the ADHD-C, group lesser measure than the ADHD-I (P<0.001) subtype. Similarly, statistically significant differences at the language level in relation to metalinguistic skills was found, specifically in the task of counting sounds (P<0.001) between the mean estimate in group ADHD-I and the Control group (P<0.001). Conclusions. The findings of this study confirm the presence of some differences in neuropsychological performance among children with ADHD and Control groups. Also, it highlights the need for further progress in the use of the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (IPD) in research exercises with clinical populations to verify the validity and performance of the test in the evaluation of children with ADHD and in that of other clinical groups of interest.